Flow of equipments in a Typical Grid SubStation in USA
Image from: www.osha.gov
Image from: www.osha.gov
Most common equipments found in a GSS with few abbreviations are:
1. Power transformers
2. Circuit Breakers (CB)
3. Isolators
4. Current transformers (CT)
5. Potential transformers (PT)/ Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT)
6. Bus bars (BB)
7. Surge arrestors (SA)
8. Line trap (for PLC communication)
9. Earthing transformers
10. Auto-Recloser
11. Overhead earth wire
12. Underground earthing system
Power transformers:
When classified depending on the voltage levels in both sides of a transformer:
1. step-up type (used in voltage increase from alternator-> transmission line)
2. step-down type (used in voltage decrease from transmission line->distribution)
Hermetically sealed Mineral oil-filled transformer
Image from: www.toppowertransformer.com
Image from: www.toppowertransformer.com
Classified depending on the insulation medium:
1. mineral oil-filled type
2. dry-type
Circuit Breakers :
These are normally classified according to the arc-quenching medium around the contacts:
SF6-filled High Voltage Gas Circuit Breaker
Image from: www.made-in-china.com
Image from: www.made-in-china.com
1. Air circuit breakers; Air Blast circuit breakers (ACB)
2. Vacuum circuit breakers (VCB)
3. Oil circuit breakers (OCB)
4. Gas circuit breakers (eg: SF6 breakers)
Isolators:
These are mechanical devices used to open an electrical path. This is particularly vital as a visual indication of isolating high voltage components, which is not provided by a CB.
Air-break Isolator
Image from: www.yashexports.tradeindia.com
Image from: www.yashexports.tradeindia.com
These can be operated only in Off-Load condition.
Current transformers:
A type of transformer used to reduce the magnitude of the flowing current in a conductor, so that current can be handled safely for measurement & instrumentation.
Primary side is the current measured and secondary side will have the reduced current. Reduction in magnitude will be determined by the turns ratio (e.g.: 400/5, 1000/5, 2000/5 etc. ).
110 kV High-voltage Current tranformer in a grid substation
It should be noted that the secondary side of a CT is NEVER open-circuited. This is to avoid the dangerous high voltage present in the secondary side of the CT.
for e.g. :
If a 400A/5A CT is used in a transmission line rated at 132kV & 400A, secondary voltage will become 132*400/5 kV (= 10,560 kV) – if it is left open circuited.
Potential transformers:
A type of transformer used to reduce the magnitude of the voltage in a conductor, so that voltage can be handled safely for measurement & instrumentation.
Like CTs, reduction in voltage will be determined by the turns ratio of a PT.
Busbars:
These are normally made of hollow Copper/Aluminium rods. The reason is to account for the high current flow so that normal cables would be unable to withstand the electrical stress produced.
Busbars as seen in a GSS
Surge arrestors/ Lightning arrestor:
These are devices made for the protection of a power system arising from dangerous surges. These surges (high voltage impulses of shorter duration) are either from lightning or load switching.
Surge/lightning arrestor
Image from: www.electrical-res.comThese SA’s work allow the normal power frequency waves (50 / 60 Hz) but yield a grounding to surges (have very high frequency in the order of 10000 Hz).
Gas Insulated Sub-Stations (GIS):
A modern development is to make grid substation indoors. introduction of SF6 gas as insulation medium with very desirable charctersitics.
A gas-insulated indoor substation by ABB Inc
These type of substations occupy little space compared to the conventional outdoor stations, making them useful in densely populated cities or harshly-polluted areas.
For a deatiled study visit wikipedia.
68 comments:
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this is very helpful..
i want practical diagram of P.T.
and also want which part is moving in Circuit Breaker? plz reply. thanx
so that current can be handled safely for measurement & instrumentation.
Thank you................
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